need help with a modern American literature paper. ASAP.
need help with a modern American literature paper. ASAP.
Paper Topics for Paper Due 4/24/23 Please note: • I will not accept late papers, unless you receive permission for an extension at least a day before the paper is due. • If you wish to submit a draft, please do so one week prior to the due date. • You are not being asked to use research. If you do use any source material, whether directly quoted or merely paraphrased, you MUST document your sources. See plagiarism information on course syllabus and course policy sheet. • Read the Strategies Guide and review all presentations in paper information! I also advise you to review the sample papers for guidance on the format of documenting in MLA style. • A reminder about the Academic Honesty Policy: Plagiarism, cheating, or other forms of academic dishonesty on any assignment will result in failure (a grade of zero) for that assignment and may result in further disciplinary action, including but not limited to failure for the course and dismissal from the college. See the Nassau Community College policy on Academic Dishonesty & Plagiarism : http://collegecatalog.ncc.edu/current/policiesandprocedures/academic_info/a c_dishonesty.html . Ignorance about documentation or plagiarism does not excuse it. Plagiaris m includes but is not limited to copying or paraphrasing another’s words, ideas, or facts without crediting the source or submitting as one’s own work a paper that was written either in whole or in part by another, whether paid (contract cheating) or unpai d, human or AI. Cutting and pasting material from a website or other source into your paper , discussion board entry, quiz, homework, or exam is plagiarism unless you put that material in quotation marks and document the material correctly. Paper must be 5 -7 pages. Select ONE of the following topics. Topics: 1. Select one of the assigned poems by Dicki nson, Frost, or Whitman (preferably not one we studied in detail), and offer your own interpretation of that poem . As PART of your evidence, supporting your interpretation, b e sure to consider relevant poetic elements : imagery, rhyme, rhythm, metaphors, fi gurative language, etc. Do NOT organize by element. Organize by the ideas central to your interpretation. 2. America has long been characterized as a melting pot — a culture of cultures. As such, American literature often functions to introduce readers to lives, experiences, and voices to which they otherwise might not have access. By comparing and contrasting two stories, one from the 19 th century (Jewett, Freeman, Chesnutt, Twain, Gilman, Chopin, Crane) and one from the 20 th century (Anderson, Faulkner, H urston, Ellison), argue for the extent to which American literature strives to make invisible lives visible. Does such literature give voice to those who our culture might deem “other” or different? Does such literature help people of different regions, cl asses, experiences learn how others in their country live? Do not just answer these questions. Use them to help you develop an argument. Be detailed in your examples, and remember that when you compare/contrast works, it is not sufficient to note similarit ies and differences. You must also assert the significance of comparing the works and of noting the similarities and differences. 3. A central characteristic of Modernist literature is the depiction of individuals who find it difficult to connect in any me aningful way. By discussing “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” and a modernist short story of your choice (Faulkner, Anderson, Ellison, Hurston), discuss the modernist inability to connect. Be sure to argue clearly what your chosen works seem to say ab out this struggle. 4. Select either Hurston’s “The Gilded Six Bits” or Ellison’s “From Invisible Man” and compare and contrast it with either Crane’s “The Open Boat” or Chopin’s “The Storm.” In doing so, argue for how the later, modernist work from the Harlem Renaissance uses naturalist ideas to depict 20 th century experience. To what extent do the characters in Hurston or Ellison face an indifferent world? In what ways, do the wrestle with forces that they cannot overcome? Are the reasons the same for b oth your chosen work from the 20 th century and your chose work from the 19 th century? Do not just answer these questions. Use them to help you develop an argument. Be detailed in your examples, and remember that when you compare/contrast works, it is not s ufficient to note similarities and differences. You must also assert the significance of comparing the works and of noting the similarities and differences. 5. Discuss the relationship between death and beauty in Stevens’ “Sunday Morning” and A Streetcar N amed Desire . Be detailed in your examples, and remember that when you compare/contrast works, it is not sufficient to note similarities and differences. You must also assert the significance of comparing the works and of noting the similarities and differe nces.
need help with a modern American literature paper. ASAP.
B aldw in 1 Sam antha B aldw in Professor G reene English 425 15 M ay 2016 M arriage as a D ubious G oal in M ansfield Park Jane A usten’s 1814 novel M ansfield Park begins and ends w ith the topic of m arriage. In this regard it seem s to fit into the genre of the courtship novel, a form , popular in the eighteenth century, in w hich the plot is driven by the heroine’s difficulties in attracting an offer from the proper suitor. A ccording to K atherine Sobba G reen, the courtship novel “detailed a young w om an’s entrance into society, the problem s arising from that situation, her courtship, and finally her choice (alm ost alw ays fortunate) am ong suitors” (2). O ften the heroine and her eventual husband are kept apart initially by m isunderstanding, by the hero’s m isguided attraction to another, by financial obstacles, or by fam ily objections. The overcom ing of these problem s, 1 w ith the m arriage of the new ly united couple, form s the happy ending anticipated by readers. Som etim es, as in a Shakespearean com edy, there are m ultiple m arriages happily celebrated; this is the case, for exam ple, in A usten’s ow n Pride and Prejudice. D espite the fact that M ansfield Park ends w ith the m arriage of the heroine, Fanny Price, to the m an w hom she has set her heart on, her cousin Edm und B ertram , the novel expresses a strong degree of am bivalence tow ard the pursuit and achievem ent of m arriage, especially for 1 See G reen, especially 17, and also H innant, for further description and discussion of the courtship novel. G reen considers M ansfield Park a courtship novel, including it in a list of such novels in the period 17401820 (16364). B aldw in 2 w om en. For Fanny, m arriage m ay be a m atter of the heart, but for other characters in the novel, m arriage— or the desire for m arriage— is precipitated by, am ong other things, vanity, financial considerations, boredom , the desire to “disoblige” one’s fam ily (A usten, M ansfield Park 5) or sim ply to escape from it, and social and parental pressure to form a suitable m atch. A nd, although readers are m eant to understand that Fanny’s desire for Edm und is based not on financial am bition but on her “fond attachm ent” to him (75), the narrator m akes sure that w e are also aw are of the poverty that Fanny has escaped by being adopted into her uncle’s household as a child. W hen Fanny angers her uncle, Sir Thom as B ertram , by refusing an offer of m arriage from the w ealthy H enry C raw ford, he sends her back to visit her struggling fam ily in Portsm outh. It is plain to the reader, and seem ingly to Fanny as w ell, that she faces a difficult, dreary, and perhaps dangerous life w ithout either an advantageous m atch or the continued protection and support of her uncle, neither of w hich, at this m om ent in the plot, she can take for granted. If m arriage can have the effect of saving a w om an from econom ic hardship, it also can have the opposite effect. The novel’s note of w arning about m arriage is sounded in the first few sentences, w ith the com parative history of the three W ard sisters of H untingdon (Fanny Price’s tw o aunts and her m other), beginning about “thirty years ago,” w hen the eldest sister, M aria, although possessing an incom e of “only seven thousand pounds, had the good luck to captivate Sir Thom as B ertram , of M ansfield Park, in the county of N ortham pton, and to be thereby raised to the rank of a baronet’s lady, w ith all the com forts and consequences of an handsom e house and large incom e” (5). From the beginning, readers learn the factors influencing the m arriage m arket for the daughters of respectable country fam ilies in lateeighteenthcentury England. A B aldw in 3 w om an w as expected to bring a dow ry to a m arriage— and the higher the better. A s Elizabeth B ergen B rophy explains, “D epending on the circum stances dow ries ranged from vast fortunes and estates— especially if the bride w ere the sole heir of the fam ily— to a few hundred pounds (or less), enough to help the young couple stock a farm or set up as tradespeople” (99). M aria W ard’s £7,000 is, perhaps, not a vast fortune (her ow n uncle, “the law yer,” com m ents that she is about “three thousand pounds short of any equitable claim ” to the m arriage [A usten, M ansfield Park 5]), but it certainly represents a level of w ealth w ell beyond that possessed by Jane A usten’s fam ily. A usten’s fam ily belonged to a class that the historian D avid Spring has called the “pseudogentry” (qtd. in C opeland 132): “a group of upper professional fam ilies living in the country— clergym en or barristers, for exam ple, or officers in the arm y and navy” (C opeland 132). Y oung w om en in Jane A usten’s im m ediate circle could com m and now here near M aria W ard’s £7,000, as one of A usten’s letters m akes clear. W riting to her sister, C assandra, about a young w om an they know w ho is about to be m arried, A usten rem arks, “M iss Lodge has only 800£ of her ow n, & it is not supposed that her Father can give her m uch, therefore the good offices of the N eighbourhood w ill be highly acceptable” (“To C assandra A usten” 27). Even M iss Lodge’s £800 w as beyond the reach of either Jane or C assandra A usten; their father w as a clergym an w ho could not afford to provide dow ries for his tw o daughters (Tom alin 80, 119). W ith the situation of the A usten sisters in m ind, the statem ent of M aria W ard’s uncle on the sm allness of M aria’s fortune sounds ironic. M aria W ard has som ething besides m oney, though: she has luck and, as w e are given to understand, beauty. M oney, luck, and beauty, then, seem to be the factors determ ining w hether a gentlem an’s daughter w ill m ake a m arriage that w ill im prove her ow n station in life and bring B aldw in 4 credit to her fam ily. W e can deduce that the future Lady B ertram w as beautiful as a young w om an from the inform ation that som e of the fam ily’s “acquaintance” consider the tw o younger sisters “quite as handsom e as M iss M aria” (A usten, M ansfield Park 5). W e also know Lady B ertram takes great stock in her beauty because she feels affronted that M rs. G rant, the w ife of the new parson w ho com es to live at M ansfield Park w hen Fanny is fifteen, has m anaged to secure a good m atch w ithout the benefit of being “handsom e” (31). Further, rather narcissistically, Lady B ertram takes credit for how lovely Fanny looks at her first ball: not only does she rem ark that she, Lady B ertram , has been thoughtful enough to send her ow n m aidservant to help Fanny dress (unfortunately too late to do anything for her), but, speaking to Fanny w ith “extraordinary anim ation . . . she added ‘H um ph— W e certainly are a handsom e fam ily’” (251, 307). If the tw o younger W ard sisters are (at least according to som e) as beautiful as their eldest sister, they seem not to possess the sam e luck as she. The m iddle sister, the future A unt N orris, m arries a clergym an w ho has a connection to her brotherinlaw , and the tw o com e to live at the parsonage on the grounds of M ansfield Park. The narrator com m ents, “M r. and M rs. N orris began their career of conjugal felicity w ith very little less than a thousand a year” (5). The overt point of the sentence is that, w ith a thousand a year to live on, M rs. N orris, w ho prides herself on m anaging m oney, did not do so badly after all, even if her m atch is not as brilliant as her elder sister’s. The reference to “conjugal felicity,” how ever, can only be m eant ironically here: as the novel’s story unfolds, w e learn that M rs. N orris’s personality is one that banishes all felicity from those around her. She is intrusive, m eddlesom e, stingy, selfaggrandizing, and unkind to the niece w hom she cam paigned to bring to M ansfield Park. A lthough w e do not hear B aldw in 5 any further m ention of M r. N orris until he dies, w e can hardly im agine that the m arriage of these tw o w as a happy one. Frances W ard, the third W ard sister and the future M rs. Price, m akes the w orst m atch of all. M arrying, as the narrator tells us, “to disoblige her fam ily,” she chooses a “Lieutenant of M arines, w ithout education, fortune, or connections” (5). This choice leads directly to the life of poverty and squalor that leads her, eleven years later, to ask for help from her w ealthier sisters, from w hom she has been estranged since her m arriage: “A large and still increasing fam ily, an husband disabled for active service, but not the less equal to com pany and good liquor, and a very sm all incom e to supply their w ants, m ade her eager to regain the friends she had so carelessly sacrificed” (6). W hen her eldest daughter, Fanny Price, w ho benefited from the help M rs. Price sought from her sisters, returns to Portsm outh for a visit after alm ost a decade at M ansfield Park, she is shocked by the conditions of her fam ily’s hom e: it is noisy, sm all, dirty, and illordered, w ith children running about unsupervised, an overw helm ed m other, and a drunken and inattentive father. A ll of this, the narrator m akes clear, is the result of M rs. Price’s “im prudent m arriage” (362). W ith the history of the three W ard sisters, then, Jane A usten dem onstrates the devastating effect a bad choice in m arriage can have on a w om an’s life during an era w hen w om en had very few econom ic options other than m arriage. M rs. Price’s m arriage not only doom s her to a life of hardship and difficulty, but it low ers her social standing, and it also creates a distance betw een her and her sisters that is never overcom e, even after there is com m unication betw een the fam ilies once again. A s the narrator rem arks, reporting on M rs. Price’s lack of any real sorrow over the new s of her nephew Tom ’s dangerous illness, “So long divided, and so differently B aldw in 6 situated, the ties of blood w ere little m ore than nothing” (397). R eaders can sym pathize w ith Fanny Price in her quest to m arry for love, as the heroine of a courtship novel should. Fanny rejects H enry C raw ford’s offer of m arriage because she neither loves nor respects him . H er uncle’s astounded and enraged reaction to her refusal grieves her not only because his anger is terrifying to her but because she feels that, as a “good m an,” her uncle should understand and feel “how w retched, and how unpardonable, how hopeless and how w icked it w as, to m arry w ithout affection” (299). Fanny w ill eventually be rew arded for her steadfastness and m oral virtue; she w ill get to m arry the m an that she does respect and love, and she w ill be m ore than satisfied to share w ith him the m odest incom e of a clergym an. W ith the story of Fanny’s cousin M aria (Lady B ertram ’s eldest daughter and nam esake), how ever, A usten gives us a critique of m arriage pursued for the w rong reasons. M aria does not recoil from the idea of m arrying w ithout affection (at least w here m oney and status are to be gained). There is never any suggestion of M aria’s having either affection or respect for her fiancé, M r. R ushw orth, w ho is by all accounts an unim pressive m an, described as “inferior” (185), lacking “m ore than com m on sense,” and “heavy” (37). R ather, M aria is attracted to M r. 2 R ushw orth’s ability to provide her “the enjoym ent of a larger incom e than her father’s, as w ell as . . . the house in tow n, w hich w as now becom e a prim e object” (37). M aria’s intention of m arrying the dull M r. R ushw orth w eakens only after she has been exposed to the attentions of H enry C raw ford, w ho is everything that M r. R ushw orth is not: lively, charm ing, good w ith w ords, flattering, and know ledgeable of the w orld. B ut H enry is also 2 H ere, heavy does not m ean overw eight, as w e m ight think, but probably “ponderous and slow in intellectual processes; w anting in facility, vivacity, or lightness” (“H eavy,” def. A .V .18). B aldw in 7 given to toying w ith w om en’s affections. A fter arriving in M ansfield w ith his sister, the equally charm ing and duplicitous M ary C raw ford, he flirts w ith both M aria and her sister Julia, pitting them against one another. H e pushes furthest w ith M aria, to the point w here she thinks he is about to propose to her. W hen, instead of proposing to M aria, H enry C raw ford disappears from the neighborhood, M aria accepts her fate. Even after her father, struck by R ushw orth’s deficiencies and M aria’s obvious indifference tow ard him , offers her the chance to break off her engagem ent, M aria assures her father she is perfectly happy. H er only desire now is to be free of her father’s control, and to take refuge from her disappointed feelings in the splendor of being M rs. R ushw orth, living a life of “fortune and consequence” (188). In case w e have any doubt about M aria’s m otives for m arriage, the narrator, w ith breathtaking irony, tells us the follow ing: In all the im portant preparations of the m ind she w as com plete; being prepared for m atrim ony by an hatred of hom e, restraint, and tranquility; by the m isery of disappointed affection and contem pt of the m an she w as to m arry. The rest m ight w ait. The preparation of new carriages and furniture m ight w ait for London and spring, w hen her ow n taste could have fairer play. (188) If M aria’s m otives for m arriage are suspect and her feelings tow ard her spouse do not bode w ell for their union, m ost of those around her are either w illfully blind to these things or incapable of seeing them . The narrator is particularly scathing tow ard A unt N orris, w ho, w ith her obsession w ith m oney, had been the one to encourage her niece’s engagem ent to the w ealthy young m an: “no one w ould have supposed from her confident trium ph, that she had ever heard of conjugal infelicity in her life, or could have the sm allest insight into the disposition of the niece B aldw in 8 w ho had been brought up under her eye” (189). The m ention of conjugal infelicity brings us back to the ironic reference to M r. and M rs. N orris’s “career of conjugal felicity” in the opening pages of the novel. Irony— in this case, a statem ent that says one thing but im plies the opposite— is a technique that A usten uses throughout the novel. Surely the narrator is rem inding us here that M rs. N orris know s very w ell w hat conjugal infelicity is, having in all probability experienced it herself, and that her shepherding of her niece into a m arriage such as this one is all the m ore reprehensible. W hether or not M rs. N orris has heard of conjugal infelicity, her creator, Jane A usten, undoubtedly had. The source of the am bivalence tow ard m arriage expressed in the novel m ay very w ell be stories she had heard of the m arriages of friends and relatives. W hen A usten w as only sixteen, she w rote a story based on the experience of her father’s sister, Philadelphia H ancock, w ho at tw entyone, w ith no m arriage offers at hom e, left England for India in search of a husband. C laire Tom alin, author of a biography of A usten, notes that it w as com m on practice at this tim e for young Englishw om en of genteel birth but lim ited m eans to seek husbands am ong the Englishm en populating England’s colonial territories, since in England “prospective husbands looked for m oney as w ell as charm ” (17), w hich w as not necessarily the case in the territories. Philadelphia’s daughter Eliza, ten years older than Jane A usten, had told her of Philadelphia’s history, and, according to Tom alin, “Jane w as so struck by this part of her aunt’s story that she incorporated it into her w riting that sum m er” (80). In A usten’s story, entitled “C atherine, or the B ow er,” an orphaned young w om an w ith no prospect of a “M aintenance” other than to “accept the offer of one of her cousins to equip her for the East Indies” travels to India, although “infinitely against her inclinations” (qtd. in Tom alin 80). The story continues, B aldw in 9 “H er personal A ttractions had gained her a husband as soon as she had arrived at B engal, and she had now been m arried nearly a tw elvem onth. Splendidly, yet unhappily m arried. U nited to a M an of double her ow n age, w hose disposition w as not am iable, and w hose m anners w ere unpleasing, though his C haracter w as respectable” (qtd. in Tom alin 81). The story m akes it clear that by age sixteen Jane A usten w as aw are both of the existence of conjugal infelicity and of the econom ic pressures that could lead a young w om an to exchange herself for a “M aintenance.” M uch later, w hen she is alm ost thirtythree, A usten w ill w rite to her sister, C assandra, of one of their friends, also thirtythree, w ho is about to m arry a clergym an of sixty, “Tom orrow w e m ust think of poor C atherine” (qtd. in Tom alin 204). Tom alin notes, “She [A usten] w as learning to see that spinsterhood, a condition w hich had for so long looked fearful, could be a form of freedom ” (204). A usten did in fact ultim ately rem ain unm arried. In M ansfield Park, the plot propels the heroine, Fanny Price, tow ard m arriage, even though the novel gives us glim pses of conjugal infelicity. Indeed, m arriage is not alw ays the m ost beneficial outcom e for a w om an in Jane A usten’s tim e. Even w hen “infelicity” in m arriage w as not the problem , the prospect of constant childbearing could m ake m arriage a dangerous choice for w om en. A t around the tim e that A usten w rote to C assandra of the im pending m arriage of “poor C atherine,” Jane and C assandra’s sisterinlaw Elizabeth K night had just died, at the age of thirtyfive, follow ing the birth of her eleventh child (Tom alin 205). The K nights w ere extrem ely w ealthy, but m oney could not protect a w om an from the toll on her body and the physical dangers of continuous childbearing during an era w hen birth control options w ere not plentiful. In fact, as Tom alin notes, in the late eighteenth century “[s]eparate bedroom s w as the usual form of birth control . . .” (7), but this m ethod clearly w as not alw ays used. B aldw in 10 In seeking m arriage to M r. R ushw orth, M aria B ertram is not driven by the fear of poverty, in the w ay that Jane A usten’s friend C atherine m ost likely w as. N or is she m arrying a w ealthy m an w hom she also happens to love, as A usten’s sisterinlaw Elizabeth K night did (Tom alin 205). M aria is driven by the desire for m ore m oney than she already has and by vanity (she w ill not let C raw ford, w ho has played w ith her feelings, see that he has w ounded her). H er m arriage cracks w hen C raw ford, draw n by his ow n vanity and curiosity, reappears in her m arried life and begins a flirtation w ith her, even after declaring his love for Fanny and his intentions to behave honorably. M aria and C raw ford run off together, causing profound turm oil and distress in the lives of all that are connected to them . The narrator describes the result as follow s: “M r. R ushw orth had no difficulty in procuring a divorce; and so ended a m arriage contracted under such circum stances as to m ake any better end, the effect of good luck, not to be reckoned on. She had despised him , and loved another— and he had been very m uch aw are that it w as so” (431). Just as in the account of the m arriage of M aria R ushw orth’s m other, Lady B ertram , “good luck” is invoked here. H ere, though, the narrator m akes it clear that the “luck” of m aking a splendid m atch m eans nothing if it is not accom panied by m utual affection and respect. The unraveling of M aria R ushw orth’s m arriage is w hat eventually allow s Fanny Price to m arry her beloved Edm und. Edm und, for m uch of the book, has been infatuated w ith H enry C raw ford’s sister, M ary, despite her shockingly indifferent, even m ocking, attitude tow ard m any of the things he holds dear, including his chosen profession as a clergym an. W hen M ary m akes light of the adulterous behavior of his sister and her brother, though, it is too m uch for Edm und. A s he tells Fanny later, “M y eyes are opened” (423). Fanny and Edm und unite then, finally, but they do so against a backdrop of fam ily B aldw in 11 distress and disarray. M aria, deserted by H enry C raw ford, is banished from her father’s hom e as a fallen w om an, w hile a younger daughter, Julia, has m ade a hasty and questionable m arriage. Tom , the eldest son and heir, is slow ly recovering from a deathly illness brought on in part by his excessive lifestyle. This som ber series of events seem s to overrule any sense of celebration that readers m ight feel over Fanny and Edm und’s happy ending. A nd, as critics have noted, the narrator tells us of the couple’s com ing together in an oddly offhand m anner: “I purposely abstain from dates on this occasion. . . . I only entreat every body to believe that exactly at the tim e w hen it w as quite natural that it should be so, and not a w eek earlier, Edm und did cease to care about M iss C raw ford” (436). A s C laudia Johnson notes, the tone of this passage “obliges us to consider their [Fanny and Edm und’s] alliance as a perfunctorily opted anticlim ax the narrator w ashes her hands of, rather than a properly w ishedfor and w elldeserved union tow ards w hich the parties have been m oving all along” (473). O ne of the unspoken rules of the courtship novel is that there is only one right suitor for the heroine, only one m an w ith w hom she could possibly be happy. This idea is called into question in M ansfield Park, how ever. N ot only does the narrator tell us of Fanny and Edm und’s com ing together in the oddly offhand w ay that Johnson rem arks above, but she also indicates that things m ight have gone otherw ise, that if H enry C raw ford had not m ade his fatal blunder w ith M aria, Edm und m ight finally have m arried H enry’s sister, M ary C raw ford, and that Fanny and H enry m ight have then com e together: “W ould he [H enry] have persevered, and uprightly, Fanny m ust have been his rew ard— and a rew ard very voluntarily bestow ed— w ithin a reasonable period from Edm und’s m arrying M ary” (434). The narrator im plies, further, that these alternative pairings, especially that of H enry and Fanny, m ight have been reasonably B aldw in 12 successful; in losing her, w e are told, H enry begins to understand that he has “lost the w om an w hom he had rationally, as w ell as passionately loved” (435). H ad he com e to an understanding of these feelings earlier and honored them , w e are encouraged to believe, the heroine m ight have responded w ith “esteem and tenderness” (433). C onjugal felicity for the tw o, in other w ords, w ould have been a distinct possibility, despite the fact that this is not the m atch that the story seem s to have been leading us tow ard. In M ansfield Park, then, despite the seem ing adherence to the conventions of the courtship novel, am ong w hich are the ideas that m arriage is the culm inating joy of a w om an’s life, that there is only one possible partner for the exem plary heroine, and that rom antic love is the basis for m atrim ony, w e are given a view of m arriage that is highly am bivalent. A usten gives a vivid portrait of the factors that can influence the young w om en of her tim e to choose a husband for reasons other than love: econom ic pressures, vanity, com petitiveness w ith other w om en, and the desire to either satisfy or rebel against one’s fam ily. She does this in a novel that richly com bines com ic and dark strands, and through the voice of a narrator w ho is com passionate and ironic by turns. B aldw in 13 W orks C ited A usten, Jane. M ansfield Park. Edited by K athryn Sutherland, Penguin B ooks, 2014. . “To C assandra A usten.” Jane Austen’s Letters, edited by D eirdre Le Faye, 3rd ed., O xford U P, 1995, pp. 2528. B rophy, Elizabeth B ergen. W om en’s Lives and the EighteenthC entury English N ovel. U of South Florida P, 1991. C opeland, Edw ard. “M oney.” The C am bridge C om panion to Jane Austen, edited by C opeland and Juliet M cM aster, C am bridge U P, 1997, pp. 13148. G reen, K atherine Sobba. The C ourtship N ovel 17401820: A Fem inized G enre. U P of K entucky, 1991. “H eavy, Adj.1 and N .” O xford English D ictionary, O xford U P, 2015, w w w .oed.com /view /Entry/85246?rskey=aIe8O M & result=1. H innant, C harles H . “Jane A usten’s ‘W ild Im agination’: R om ance and the C ourtship Plot in the Six C anonical N ovels.” N arrative, vol. 14, no. 3, 2006, pp. 294310. JSTO R, w w w .jstor.org/stable/20107392. Johnson, C laudia L. “M ansfield Park: C onfusions of G uilt and R evolutions of M ind.” M ansfield Park, by Jane A usten, edited by Johnson, W . W . N orton, 1998, pp. 45876. Tom alin, C laire. Jane Austen: A Life. V intage B ooks, 1999.
need help with a modern American literature paper. ASAP.
Common Writing Issues to Consider Before you Submit your Paper 1. Using “this” without making it clear to what “this” refers, especially when there is mo re than one possibility. Ex. At this point in the film, the mother became very brave. She decided she would no longer hide who she was, and she told her family about all her needs and desires. She told them she wanted to open her own bakery, and that she wanted to leave their father. She told them she loved them all, but she was tired of their bickering. She told them she needed color in her life. This made everyone feel uncomfortable. Ex. Many people believe that we should be more open and tolerant in ou r society, and that we should not close our doors to new immigrants. This would make our country better. 2. Making the paper ALL ABOUT ME. Cut, “I think,” “I Believe,” “To me,” “In my opinion” or anything like it. It makes your paper stronger to cut these phrases, and if you have too many, it sounds like you are not writing about the subject, but relaying your opinion or your perspective. Ex. When I watched the film, I found it really compelling. To me, the film tells its viewers that we need to be more aware of how we treat others and our environment. In my opinion, the whole purpose of the scene with the giant ants was to show us that if we keep treating the environment poorly, nature will turn on us. I think that kind of visual metaphor makes the story more meaningful. I believe the director knows that the message will sink in more if we see it, rather than just having some character preach at us. 3. Shift in Verb Tense — This most often occurs when writing about a narrative (film, story). You start wit h the past and shift to the present or the reverse. Ex. David and Jennifer fought over the remote, and then they are zapped into the tv show, and they see that they are Bud and Mary Sue. Betty, their tv mother, came in and told them to come for breakfast. Mary Sue can’t believe all the food, but David told her she had to eat it. 4. Clichés and Clichéd phrases — these most often occur in the intro and conclusion, but can occur elsewhere. Often they are simply inaccurate (see the first example), but they ca n also just be lazy — i.e., instead of taking the time to explain an idea, you toss in a cliché because everyone will know what you mean without you needing to explain it.. Ex. “Since the beginning of time . . .” “ A chain is only as strong as it’s weakest link” “out of the woods” “it’s a dog eat dog world. 5. Sweeping generalizations and using absolute language. When you make a sweeping generalization or use absolute language (no one, everyone, all,etc), you open y ourself for the easiest of attacks — i.e., well I know someone who does or doesn’t do what you claim. Ex. All Americans feel this way. No one ever thinks that. Everyone thought it was a problem to change color. People always vote responsibly. It is human n ature for people to protect their kids. It is just part of being an American to leave home at 18. 6. Mixing up there, their, and they’re or its and it’s. Do I really need examples here? 7. An intro that says nothing or that just repeats the topic. Your introduction should set up your entire paper. Thus, since the topic you were given is your starting point and NOT your ending point, if you only repeat the topic in your own words, you are not offering the reader an idea of what you plan to argue and how. Ideally, your intro will set up the main structural divisions of the paper. Also, the intro allows you to set clear parameters (what you will cover and what you will not). You can narrow th e approach so that your reader will not expect you to cover everything. 8. Audience. You must remember that your reader is not in your head. You should assume an intelligent reader, but you should not assume that the reader knows how you think, that the reader agrees with you, or that the reader has understood or interpreted the subject as you have. When writing a paper, you are in a dialogue with the reader, but the reader is not there. It is your job, therefore, to anticipate where the reader will not a lready understand what you are claiming. Similarly, if you cannot assume the reader already agrees with you, then you cannot rely on one example as sufficient evidence to prove your points. 9. Summary for no reason. You want to assume an intelligent audie nce, and yet you cannot assume the audience knows what you know. As a result, you will at times need to provide information to the reader. However, you should only provide the information that you need to in order to make your argument. If you provide summ ary or a story or film, you should only do so in order to make some key idea, or to illustrate a point. Summarizing everything or summarizing without clearly indicating why does not help your argument at all. 10. Transitions. You need to move your reader smoothly through the paper. You should always offer some transition between paragraphs, and ideally each transition will show how each paragraph furthers your larger point. You should also offer transitions between examples. Rather than just present an ex ample and then move on, you can explain how the example illustrates the point in question. Transitions are the cement that holds the bricks (your evidence) together.